Fluid imbalance

When we RTs are called to assess a patient due to a low spo2, or increased crackles in the bases, or increased dyspnea as noted by the nurse, one of the #1 things to consider is if the patient is wet.

For the record, normal urine output is 1-2 liters per day, or 25-50 ml/hr. Likewise, a patient's normal fluid balance is a measure of fluid intakes mainly form drinking or through the IV. It is my observation that fluid overload is quite often overlooked by the nurse.

I say this with no disrespect to nurses. We, as RTs, are a part of the patient care team. If the nurse (or the physician) does not pick up on the probable cause of the patient's symptoms, we RTs -- via our assessment and skills -- must pick it up.

Often, by being proactive, the teamwork and observant skills of the nurse and the respiratory therapist, or a combination of the two, can pick up on early signs of fluid overload and prevent a worsening condition from developing.

The best ways to assess for fluid overload is to assess the patient:

• drop in spo2
• dyspnea at rest (late sign) or with exertion (early sign)
• cyanotic
• diaphoretic
• audible wheezes (very common sign, and quite often mistaken for bronchospasm)
• auscultation: crackles or rhales in bases, should have good air movement if lungs are otherwise not compromised, COPD patients may sound diminished and may be hard to determine if there are crackles, may have coarse wheezes on inspiration and expiration that are heard well in throat (may be audible too).
• check flow sheet or nurses notes for urine inputs and outputs (i&o's). If the ins exceed the outs, or if there is a trend where the ins are exceeding the outs.
• IVs are set high
• patient is post operative (pt's are overhydrated during surgery)
• history if kidney (renal) failure
• history of CHF, pulmonary edema, heart surgery or other cardiac history
• COPD history, particularly late stage (they retain fluid due to right heart to left heart failure)
• old age
• end stage disease process
• peripheral edema
• hypertension

Of course you'll want to give the bronchodilator breathing treatment the nurse will recommend and the doctor will order, but then you provide the nurse and/or physician with your assessment. A good RT will get good at this rather within the first few weeks on the job.

We will continue to teach the following:

• Not all that wheezes is bronchospasm.
• Dyspnea is not always caused by bronchospasm
• Not all that causes dyspnea is bornchospasm
• Audible wheeze is not bronchospasm, it's secretions (or dehydration or inflammation)
• We RTs are open minded, and wrong sometimes

A negative fluid balance may also cause an upper airway wheeze that radiates throughout the lungfields and mimics a bronchospasm wheeze. A trained ear can tell the difference.

The following can cause negative output:

• insufficient hydration
• asthmatic (exacerbation)
• excessive urine output from meds (diuretics like lasix, bumex or xanthines like theophylline

Low urine output can result in:

• Hypotension (low cardiac output)
• upper airway wheeze
• severe vomiting (watch for electrolyte imbalance)
• diarrhea

Monday's class: My response to your queries

This post is my weekly attempt to answer Internet search engine queries that lead someone to clicking onto my medblog.

I know that most people click on my site and leave two minutes later frustrated that my site is not what they were looking for. When, in actuality, if they would have hung around a bit, had a cup of coffee with me, they may have found the answer they were looking for.

This is what I'm going to make an effort to do every Monday.

1. vomiting bipap: This is a good question and something that was covered extensively in RT school. There are two types of masks patients can wear who are using BiPAP. There is a nasal mask, and a full face mask. If the patient is wearing a nasal mask, then there's no problem. However, in the hospital setting we use full face masks probably 90% of the time. And, if someone is throwing up with a mask on their face, their risk of aspiration (inhaling the vomit into the lungs and risking pneumonia) increases big time. Take the mask off if a patient is vomiting. If the patient is in the hospital and is on BiPAP to prevent him from needing a vent, intubation might need to be considered to protect the airway.
2. giving mucomyst without a bronchodilator: Mucomyst has the ability to break up thick secretions and making them easier to spit up (theoretically). It can cause bronchospasm, and should always be given with a bronchodilator, such as Albuterol.
3. vaponephrine dose for kids: At Shoreline we use 0.5cc Vaponephrine on all kids. It's safe. I have rarely ever notices an increase in heart rate as a result of this medicine, and usually if the heart rate does increase, it's because of the kid crying because he's annoyed by the RT.
4. efficacy of albuterol with chf: I've repeated this many times on this blog, but Albuterol will do nothing for CHF unless -- UNLESS -- the patient also has an underlying bronchospasm component. If you want to try one treatment to see if it does anything, go for it.
5. is a nurse above a respiratory therapist: Absolutely not. We are a team. Now, RNs are know to have a little more respect in society, but that is slowly changing. The reason is that nurses have been around since the Civil War, and RTs are only just getting started. RNs also get paid more than RTs, but that's only because of the nursing shortage and, partially, because of the respect thing. But, all in all, we are a team.
6. azthmacort: I took asthma cort for about 15 years, and never had much success with it. The main reason for this was compliance, as I was prescribed to use it four times a day. I think it's better to use a steroid inhaler that allows you to use it twice a day to increase compliance. I have better success with Flovent or Advair, but there are other options.
7. barriers to being a good respiratory therapist: Lack of respect I think is the main barrier. And lack of protocols that allow us to really excell at providing the best care to our patients at the least cost to the hospitals. However, due to lack of respect by doctors, many hospitals still do not have respiratory therapy or patient driven protocols. That's a shame, I think, and is the biggest barrier in my mind.
8. albuterol blow-by neonates: I find that most babies do not tolerate masks, however the results of using a mask may vary from patient to patient. If the child is sick enough, he or she might not care. Also, a blowby may result in the loss of 80% or more of the medicine to the atmoshphere. That said, giving a blowby is often better than doing nothing for a child who is having true bronchospasm.
9. should i give my daughter albuterol for croup: Only if there is underlying bronchospasm. Albuterol does absolutely nothing for croup.
10. cpap therapy for copd how it works: CPAP works to improve oxygenation. It helps a patient oxygenate better, and thus allows more oxygen to get into the bloodstream.
11. congestive heart failure croupiness: We hear this a lot in CHF patients. And, more often than not, RNs and RTs mistake this for a wheeze and recommend or order breathing treatments. Actually, this is caused due to increased secretions or fluid in the upper airway, and will not go away with a treatment. I would say that abaout 80% of CHF patients, patients with pulmonary edema, will have this harsh, upper airway, stridorous, croupy sound. This is something they should teach in school, but I'm not sure they do.
12. what is my internet time: Huh?
13. extra shift incentive pay respiratory: What do you mean by extra shift? Do you mean overtime. We get paid overtime for anything over 40 hours just like everybody else.
14. bad experiences with advair: Some people have bad experiences with Advair mostly becaue it has Serevent in it, which can make a person shakey and irritable. I would recommend weaning yourself onto the Advair slowly, instead of starting right out taking it twice a day. I'm patenting that idea. I recently wrote a post about this, check it out by clicking here.
15. stridor and aerosol therapy: See my answer to question #9.
16. duoneb and hyperkalemia: It would be the equivelent of taking an asprin for a heart attack. Need I say more.
17. why respiratory therapists are disrespected: I tried to explain this in my answer to #7 above. Maybe one of my fellow bloggers can word it better than me with a comment.
18. my doctor gave me potassium after an asthma attack why and what does potassium do f: Hopefully he gave potassium because lab results showed hyperkalemia, not because of some frivolous idea that one treatment of Albuterol will decrease Potassium. However, for a further answer, see #16 above.
19. definite sign of impending alcoholism: Okay, sorry sir or maam, but you had to read all of the above to learn that I do not have an answer to this question. Now, I could gather a pretty good educated guess, but I'm pretty sure you'd rather hear from a professional in that area rather than a lowly RT.
20. respiratory therapist 12 hours: I do not know of any hospitals where the RT does not work less than 12 hour shifts.
21. does albuterol breathing treatments make baby sleepy: Actually, it can be soporiphic. I know for it fact it puts some babies and even some adults asleep. Ah, maybe this gives me another idea for an 'olin.

If you have a question I have not addressed here, or if you want an answer right now, feel free to contact us anytime and we'll get you an answer ASAP. You can contact us at Freadom1776@yahoo.com, or RTcave@yahoo.com.

That concludes today's class.

Monday's class: My response to your queries

This post is my weekly attempt to answer Internet search engine queries that lead someone to clicking onto my medblog.

We determined last week that 62% of people who click onto this blog stay here long enough to determine it's not where they want to be. Likewise, we also determined that if they would have stuck around a bit, they may have found the answer they were looking for.

Of the 500 queries in my stat counter's memory, I have picked ten of the most interesting queries. Keep in mind I do not answer queries if the page the person landed on would have provided them with an appropriate answer.

Here we go:

1. Frequency of Duonebs: Duoneb is a combination of Atrovent and Albuterol, and ideally it should taken no more often than every four hours. If you need to use it more often you should see your doctor. This medicine can be safe if used more often, but should not be done without the approval of a doctor.
2. am i smart enough to be respiratory therapist: When I first researched the career of RT I found out I had to take chemistry, and I failed chemistry in high school. Based on this, I decided RT school would be too hard for me. I could not have been more wrong. If I'm smart enough to be an RT, you are too.
3. respiratory therapy is not a good career: That kind of depends on how you define a good career. If you want to get rich and buy a bunch of material items, then this is not the career for you. Like any job, there are ups and downs of being an RT. It is what you make of it.
4. xoponex q2: It's safe. However, I would not recommend this frequency outside the hospital setting.
5. albuterol pulmonary edema: Albuterol has absolutely no effect on Pulmonary Edema. Albuterol relaxes the bronchioles, and pulmonary edema occurson the outside of the bronchioles. For more information see #9 below.
6. do respiratory therapists use stethoscopes: Absolutely. If you see one who doesn't you ought to report him or her and wonder if you are receiving good care.
7. what happens to fio2 when using a simple mask and the patient breathes deep: The simple mask is a low flow oxygen device, meaning that the FiO2 is dependent on the patients respiratory rate and tidal volume (minute ventilation).
8. i hate my job, respiratory therapy: It's a free country. Nobody is stopping you from getting a different job. Go for it.
9. does wheezing mean you have copd: Not always. If the muscles of the bronchioles are spasming, this will cause a wheeze. This is called brnchospasm and occurs with COPD or asthma. Albuterol can relax these muscles almost instantly, making it much easier to breathe. Pulmonary edema occurs as a result of the heart pooping out, and fluid backs up and fills the lungs. This can be caused by Chronic Heart Failure (CHF). If the pressure in the lungs gets high enough with CHF, this fluid in the lungs will actually squeeze the bronchioles, causing a wheeze. Because this is caused because of a weekend heart, it is called a cardiac wheeze. Sometimes, however, it is hard to tell the difference.
10. Bipap asthma: I've actually seen it work well for some asthmatics, however when an asthmatic is really short of breath he may actually feel claustrophobic enough without the BiPAP. Thus, if the patient can tolerate it, go for it. BiPaP should always be ordered to tolerance.
11. continuous aerosol with atrovent: I questioned it too, but some doctors where I work have done it with no consequences. Atrovent is similar to Albuterol in that the side effects are minimal. If Albuterol is safe, Atrovent is even safer. Some recent studies show some added benefits to COPD and Asthma patient with giving continuous Atrovent along with continuous Albuterol. As with everything in the medical field, every doctor or RT will have a different opinion on this. With that in mind, I do not see any point in giving a continuous treatment with just Atrovent. If a patient is so short of breath he or she needs a continuous treatment, then you better throw in some Albuterol. (Note: a continuous treatment is when you give a treatment back to back to back until the patient starts to open up.)

Keep in mind I receive hundreds of queries a week, and I am limited in space on this weekly column.

If you have a question I have not addressed here, or if you want an answer right now, feel free to contact us anytime and we'll get you an answer ASAP. You can contact us at Freadom1776@yahoo.com, or RTcave@yahoo.com.

That concludes today's class.