Saturday, July 31, 2010

Winning loto ticket

"Is there anything I can get for you?"
I asked the patient before I left the room.

"A winning lotto ticket." He said.

To that I humbly responded, "If I had one of those I'd keep it for myself. No offense."

"None taken."

Friday, July 30, 2010

Continuous breathing treatments???

You see this done often: a breathing treatment with Albuterol, or even Albuterol plus Atrovent, and occasionally with Xopenex, for a continuous run of 2 plus treatments for up to an hour, or even 24 hours.

Well, I have never done a treatment for an entire day, yet I've heard of it by other therapists from other hospitals. The question of the day is: do continuous treatments do any good?

I've always been of the belief that three continuous treatments and you're out. By this point, those beta adrenergic receptor cells have to be saturated. And, usually, if you're going to see a patient's lungs open up, it'll be before that 4th treatment is started.

Another question I'd be willing to ask is: How long does an Albuterol microbial sit on a beta 2 receptor cell. If it's for less than 15 minutes, then I'd say go for the continuous. Yet, since most recipes for Albuterol say the medicine works for 4-6 hours, I'm willing to surmise that's about how long Albuterol lasts on the B2 cells.

Therefore, I'd say that if you're going to give a continuous treatment, I'd give up to three and then I'd wait at least a half hour before giving another. Give the patient a break. And give the Albuterol a break.

The problem with this is there is little science to back me up here. Yet, at the same time, there's little evidence to back the theory that continuous treatments do any good either, and we do them all the time at a pretty hefty cost.

Yet here I am on the defense again, even though the fans of giving continuous treatments are physicians and nurses who have no science on their side either.

So my plea here is for some research about continuous breathing treatments, and a plea to learn how long Albuterol sticks to those infamous B2 receptor cells in the lungs. Likewise, a plea for some common sense in the emergency room, and an end to fake theories about B2 medicine.

Thursday, July 29, 2010

The life expectancy of most CHF patients

Did you know most people who are diagnosed with congested heart failure (CHF) die within two years of diagnosis. This is true in most cases because CHF is usually secondary to the heart working overtime for a long time.

In some cases it occurs as part of the aging process, as an old heart is going to weaken at some point. In other cases it is diagnosed in younger people with lung problems, such as cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, COPD, or other lung diseases. The heart gets tired of working so hard to push blood through the lungs.

In the case of lungs causing CHF, this usually starts by the right heart becoming a weak an inefficient pump after working so hard to push blood through the lungs, called cor pulmonale, and this ultimately results in the left heart working too hard and causes left pump failure, or CHF.

You see this quite a a bit in end stage COPD patients. Usually, however, atrial fibrillation precedes CHF in these patients. So if you have a patient in atrial fibrillation who also has COPD, you can start thinking of measures to prevent CHF, assuming that's the next evolutionary stage of their disease process.

Of course there are systemic diseases too that can cause the heart to poop out too, like high blood pressure, cardiac disease, etc.

Wednesday, July 28, 2010

High humidity tough on lung patients

This has been an awesome summer of warm weather, yet it's also been a summer of extreme humidity. While we hate to complain about the warm weather, the high humidity that comes with it can make breathing hard for us chronic lungers.

Yes that's true. And that in mind, I've decided this is a great time to republish a post I wrote a while ago at MyAsthmaCentral.com about the effects of humidity on anyone with a lung condition.

High and Low Humidity Not Good for Asthma

Rick Frea, Wednesday, July 15, 2009, @MyAsthmaCentral.com

It's roasting outside, yet the sun beaming down on Jake Gallant as he rests in his beach chair feels great. The warm breeze wafting over his bare chest feels great too. He closes his eyes and listens to the soporific, relaxing sound of waves.

"This is the kind of weather I'd like to pack into a bottle to open in the dog days of winter," he thinks, "except for one thing: the dog gone humidity make the air heavy to breath."

As anyone with a chronic lung disease will attest to, humidity can make air harder to inhale. Although, as the Asthma Educator's Handbook notes, humidity alone cannot trigger an asthma attack.

That in mind, here is the latest wisdom regarding high humidity and asthma:

  • An ARIC report notes that areas with a relative humidity lower than 50% had fewer "rates of asthma."
  • The report also states that "every 10% increase in indoor humidity was associated with a 2.7% increase in the prevalence of asthma."
  • The American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) states high humidity levels also have a tendency to be harboring grounds for fungus and molds that might bother asthmatics.
  • When humidity is greater than 50%, the amount of dust mites in the air is increased.

So now that you know high humidity is not particularly good for asthma, what can you do about it?

According to the American Lung Association, "Air-conditioning can help. It allows windows and doors to stay closed. This keeps some pollen and mold spores outside. It also lowers indoor humidity. Low humidity helps to control mold and dust mites."

Another solution, if you can't afford air conditioning, is to have a dehumidifier in your home. This is a little more work as you have to empty it once or twice a day, but it works to keep the humidity down.

Years ago doctors recommended asthmatics move to warmer, and drier climates like that of Arizona. Today doctors no longer recommend this because of technology like dehumidifiers and airconditioners that allow asthmatics to control the climate in their homes, and modern medicines that allow for better control of asthma.

While we see why high levels of humidity are bed for asthmatics, it's also important to make sure you don't make the air too dry. I say this because new research shows that air that is too dry is not good for asthma either. AAAAI.org reports that if the relative humidity is less than 15%, this may trigger an excessive cough for asthmatics.

Low humidity can irritate asthma because it dries out the mucous membranes lining your airway, which are your body's natural defenses against foreign bodies such as viruses and bacteria. Thus, dry mucous membranes make you more susceptible to catching diseases like the common cold virus or influenza. If that's not enough, dry mucous membranes also have the tendency to aggravate allergy symptoms.

In the winter months, the air tends to get very dry, the humidity too low. You can tell when your skin and lips become itchy and chapped and your throat, dry. If the humidity gets too low you can use a humidifier.

Perhaps you're thinking, "How can I win? I can't have humidity too high and I can't have it too low either."

The answer, according to AAAAI.org, is for "asthmatic patients to aim for a 'happy medium' relative humidity in their homes, monitoring their home humidity regularly with a reliable gauge."

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends humidity be set between 35% and 50%.

I'm not endorsing a prouct here, but you can use a humidity monitor like some of the ones at Amazon.com.

The majority of us asthmatics should be able to control our asthma just fine simply by keeping in touch with our doctor and by making sure we take our asthma meds exactly as prescribed. With well controlled asthma, we should all be able to get outside and enjoy the warm, humid, summer weather like Jake Gallant.

Yet, if high humidity continues to pose a problem for your breathing this summer, setting up your home with air conditioning is a great option. You can close all the windows, crank up the air, and enjoy the cool, refreshing, easy-to-breathe air.


Tuesday, July 27, 2010

Are alternative treatments good for asthma????

I was emailed this question the other day.

QUESTION: what's your opinion on alternative asthma treatments? Like buteyko, herbs, and others?

MY ANSWER: My thinking about alternative asthma therapy is that if it really worked asthma experts would recommend it. I believe there is no outlying proof of their efficacy. However, so long as you work with your doctor, you can most certainly try it and see what works. However, you're also doing so at your own risk. Personally, I've never tried them, so I certainly wouldn't knock them.

Monday, July 26, 2010

Your asthma is not all in your head

What would it be like living with asthma before modern medicine? This was a question I pondered until I read Mornings on Horseback by David McCoullough. Chapter 4 in particular gave an impressive view of a young Teddy Roosevelt's struggles with asthma.

Imagine, for a moment, the year is 1865 and you are a 7 year old Teddy. Now imagine your worst asthma attack -- not pretty, but bare with me. With no other options (no Ventolin), your dad assists you onto the horse driven buggy, and takes you for a bumpy ride in the cool spring air.

This seems to give you some relief, but your chest remains tight. When you arrive home, as the squeeky screen door slams shut, you notice an elderly man with a scruffy gray beard standing alongside your mother.

You recognize the man as your doctor, and he motions you to the chaise lounge in the far corner, and you hop up. You grab the edges and hold your shoulders high, huffing for air.

After examing you, the doc says, "It's all in your head, Teedy. We have some medicine that will help you relax your mind"

You grimace and think, "No doc, it's real." But you respectfully keep quiet.

Now looking at your dad, the doc says, "Take him for a ride, the fresh air will do his mind good. While you're out stop by the drug store and pick up some morphine. That should do the trick."

"Is there anything simpler that might work," your dad asks.

"Well," the doc says, "Have him smoke a pack of cigarettes until he pukes, and maybe a daily cigar and cup of coffee. If that and the morphine don't work, and you're desperite, try giving him a few shots of Whisky.

You gulp! None of that sounds appealing. The morphine relaxes you some, but when you try the other asthma cures you puke. Yet, when your dad asks how they worked you lie: "Great!"

Teddy's doc wasn't just grasping at straws, as these medicines were common asthma cures at that time. And he wasn't just making it up that asthma was in Teddy's head, as McCullough explains:

"As early as 1819.. the famous French physician Rene Laennec, inventor of the stethescope... perceived no organic causes to which asthma could be attributed, but listed 'mental emotion' among the primary probable causes."

Starting in 1866 many studies were done that proved asthma was a psychological disease brought on by a child's "'supressed cry for the mother.' A cry of rage as well as a cry for help. The child has an intense fear of being abondoned by the mother or of any form of rivalry for her affection"

To me this is an understandable theory since I, like many kid asthmatics, grew especially attached to my mom as outings with my dad -- hauling wood, camping -- often resulted in a tight chest.

One physician who advised the Roosevelts about Teedy's asthma was Dr. Henry Hyde Salter. He was an ardent supporter of this "pschosomatic theory of asthma". In fact, he later wrote a book called, "
On Asthma," which was the most well respected book on asthma in the 19th century.

He noticed many of Teddy's attacks came on Sundays, and surmised the reason for this was because asthmatic kids became anxious about school the next day.

Even up to 1982, McCollough writes, "Recent investigations strongly suggest that the disease is psychological in origin... the attack is not deliberate (though it can be), rather it is provoked by certain painful feelings -- burried anger, guilt, fear of abandonment, fears of all kinds -- or of tensions that need not necessarily be unpleasant, the approach of a birthday or Christmas, for example."

Fortunately for you and me, this falacious theory was disproven in the 1950s, and by the 1980s it was abandoned altogether by most doctors. Yet, while we now know asthma is not caused by anxiety, it has been proven
stress and anxiety can act as an asthma trigger.

When I was a kid there were a few people who did tell me my asthma was all in my head. Now that I've read this book I have a better understanding of why that might have been.

"Mornings on Horseback" was a great read in general, but it provides an impeccable image of what it was like living with asthma when meds like Ventolin and Xoponex were merely a pipe dream.

Sunday, July 25, 2010

An apology

One of the best parts of reading blogs is you are getting honesty. One of the worst parts of reading a blog is you are getting honesty.

The thing about honesty is it allows us to see things as they truly are and not so much how the clique or political world wants us to see them. And, unfortunately, the worst part about honesty is it can hurt.

One of my biggest fears when I started blogging was that I'd get a bunch of comments from people telling me I was an idiot for my opinions. For no other reason than no one with an opinion is an idiot.

On one regional political community I did get quite a few such comments, and I learned it was easier to ignore them than to respond. Yet when I started my blogs, I feared the worst.

Ironically, I have hardly ever received a harsh comment. In fact, I have another blog I write about politics, and I have never had a harsh comment on that site either. So, for the most part, I've been very fortunate.

By harsh comment I don't mean comments where people disagree with me. That I can handle. As in the real world, we know that no two people have the same opinion on anything. While my wife and I are both of the same political affiliation, and vote for basically the same type of people, we can get into some heated discussion about something we both have basically the same opinion. That's just life. It's what makes life fun and even interesting.

By harsh comment I mean those that say, "You're an idiot and a liar."

Yet after nearly three years of blogging, I've learned that evil comments are the least of my concerns. Even greater is myself -- the blogger. As a blogger, I am the sole writer, editor and publisher -- not good. A blog is about writing what's on your mind that you think others might want to learn about or at least read. Yet like any other person, a writers mood often comes across in his writing.

Newspapers and magazines and most websites have separate people writing, editing and publishing, and the reason is to make sure there is a good checks and balance system in place to prevent harmful and wrong material from going to print. As a writer, it's not easy to be your own editor and publisher. It's a chore. It's a lot of work. It's hard. It's a pain.

Do you see what I'm getting at? As a respiratory therapist, there are days when it's so slow at work I have time to write productive posts. Yet, on the rare occasion when it's ridiculously busy,
and I'm running around ragged because our doctors order breathing treatments that aren't needed on every patient, well, of course you know what's going to be on my mind. This causes fatigue, or what we like to refer to as burnout.

So this must have been the mood I was in when I wrote, "A World of Bronchodilator Lies!" The author in me wrote this based on what was on my mind that day, and somehow the editor and the publisher in me didn't nix it. It's the truth, it's how I really felt, yet perhaps the better part of valor would have been to have written the truth with a better tone.

In that post I wrote about a post that was written about pneumonia on another website, where the author wrote that an Albuterol breathing treatment would help thin and remove secretions. I wrote about how that is not true, and that the doctor who approved of that being published was either a liar or ignorant.

Of course he responded with the following comment:
"You should consult the journal Chest as bronchiodilators have, in fact, been shown to remove mucus.

If you wish to be taken seriously by anyone with even a basic knowledge of medicine and pharmocology, I suggest that you change the tone of your writing. Simply stating things are 'lies' makes you look uneducated and uninformed. You repeatedly lambast other websites for failing to accurately reference, yet you do the same thing yourself. You also have a significant tendency to simply ignore the research which doesn't support your position.

I agree that bronchiolators are over-prescribed (HMOs are in large part to blame for this). But the way your site is presented it is the last site I would send anyone to for information."
Now when you write an opinion, your going to have people disagree with you. That's just common wisdom. Yet to have someone so irate they write you a note telling you how stupid you are is never fun to read. However, when I was a journalist, we often celebrated when we received hate mail because that was a sign you were being read.

I'm not writing this post to apologize for writing that bronchodilators do nothing for pneumonia, because they don't. You don't have to do a study to learn that bronchodilators dilate bronchioles, and when a study is done to show bronchodilators help some patients with pneumonia cough up phlegm, it's because that particular patient was having some bronchospasm. That's common logic.

However, I am apologizing here for my tone. I apologize for calling said doctor a liar or ignorant. I have no proof he is a liar. In fact while I think he is wrong, I'm quite confident he's not ignorant. I'm quite certain there are few ignorant doctors, considering it takes a lot of wisdom to pass the doctor exams, and to become a doctor.

The truth is I do understand that the reason most bronchodilators are ordered is because some person sitting in a leather chair in some office in Lansing or D.C. decided, based on what a doctor told that person, that bronchodilators should be ordered on any patient diagnosed with pneumonia.

This is what we refer to as Intensity of Service. For the hospital to be reimbursed, the hospital has to prove the patient needed to be admitted. Thus, Medicare has unfortunately established a system where if a patient with pneumonia didn't need a bronchodilator at least every six hours for the first 24 hours, chances are he didn't need to be admitted.

Yes, there was a study that showed a bronchodilator helps some pneumonia patients. I've seen the first treatment do as much. Yet sometimes a study is telling you more than what we see with the naked eye. We might miss the basics, that a bronchodilator is a bronchodilator and nothing more.

Yet in the medical field, what works for 3% of patients works for every patient. And therefore it has become common place for bronchodilators to be ordered for every patient admitted with pneumonia. That's the way it is in the medical field. And it's easier for doctors to just go along with this flow than to oppose it, or, as I like to say, to make waves.

This particular doctor asked: where is your evidence. I like to send that question back to the doctor: where is your evidence that bronchodilators do anything for pneumonia. There has never been such a study with any conclusive evidence. Yet because of that, because no study is ever conclusive, it's easier in the medical field, safer in fact, to simply err on the side of caution. If it won't kill you, if it's safe, why not just do it. If it helps 3%, maybe it will help everyone.

So now we have hospitals like the one I work for with an order set for pneumonia that requires Albuterol every 4-6 hours based on the theory it might work for the patient. Yes, order sets, and medical studies, and best practice medicine, and preventative medicine, means there will be over kill. There will be tests, and extra breathing treatments, that will cost the hospital a ton of money.

Yet so long as something is deemed safe, it will be ordered. Why not? If a patient wants a breathing treatment, if medicaid and medicare and an HMO wants a breathing treatment for this patient, then just do it. What's it going to hurt?

Well, that's my job as a blogger to see the other side. It won't hurt the patient. It won't hurt the insurance company or Medicare, because they only pay a flat fee to the hospital anyway. Yet the individual without health insurance still has to pay 100% of the hospital cost. It's this private person who will be hurt by all this needless medicine.

The hospital will be hurt too. Because it will have to absorb the cost of all the medicine and therapies that are not reimbursed by the insurance company or the government.

The other individual who will be hurt is the respiratory therapist and the nurse. When you have 80% of what you do not needed, and you have 30 patients, you are going to become burned out. And, when the RTs and the RNs become burned out, not only does the worker suffer, so does the patient who really needs the services of the RT and RN.

So you see, in this way, preventative medicine does not work except to boost the egos of those who write them. And order sets do not work. Treating every patient the same way is not a good idea, it does not save any patient, it does not prevent any patient from dying, and it does not save money as is the intended purpose.

A better approach to patient care is positive outcome based medicine. This is where you might order a bronchodilator to a pneumonia patient if you think it might help, and if it does you order some more. Yet if it doesn't work, you don't do another. It's basically: do what works and don't do what doesn't works.

To me this is the common sense approach that would not only benefit the patient, but benefit the insurance company, Medicare and HMOs. Yet, more important, it would truly benefit the hospital by allowing them to reduce costs, and benefit the nurses, doctors and respiratory therapists by not forcing them to do 20 things at the same time they are trying to take care of the patients who really need their services.

I also would like to note here that when I started this blog I never expected to have an audience, so gaining or losing readers has never been a concern for me.

Yet I truly do take personal attacks personally (can't help it), and I must continue to remind myself that other people have feelings too. Usually we're all pretty good at that, yet sometimes when you're writing in a world of words and no faces, there's always the tendency to lose that sense of personality.

Yet at the same time we bloggers (well, me anyway) want to be honest and truthful, and to do anything other would make this blog boring, bland, common, and not worth reading.

So I went on a rant here, yet I just wanted to explain what was going through my mind as I wrote, "A World of Bronchodilator Liew!" I must have been in a foul mood that day due to needless burnout, and I was irate, and my internal editor and publisher didn't nix the tone. I don't think the post was bad, but the tone was. When he wrote, "You should change the tone of your writing," he was right. I thank him for that comment.

I don't think the doctor who wrote the above comment would have been so upset had I simply disagreed with him. I think he was upset because I basically called him an idiot and a liar, and he is not. I'm sure he's a good doctor, fine person, wise, intelligent, and, most important, he's obviously a fellow lover of the Internet. For implying otherwise I humbly apologize.

Saturday, July 24, 2010

Racemic Epi

If you thought this was going to be a constructive post about race epi, think again. It's not. I'm taking up space on this blog to say the following:

"Who the heck thought of giving Race Epi for stridor anyway? Who was it? What science did they base it on? I have never once given a race epi to a kid and had it work. I seriously....

"And who the heck told nurses that it's a good idea to give a kid a shot before the breathing treatment. I told them not to do it. They ignored me. so I left. I left the ER room. I went down the hall, to the bathroom, and I could hear that kid crying all the while."

"I came back and the nurses were upset with me. 'Why didn't you stay and give this kid a treatment. He's got croup, and he needs your treatment.'

"'Look,' I said, 'I told you before you gave that shot I can't give a treatment to a crying kid. I told you not to give the shot until after the treatment. You didn't listen to me. So I left and went pee while the kid was crying. Yes, I went pee. And I can hear he's still crying.'

"'Why can't you give it when he's crying. He's taking deep breaths and will inhale more of the medicine.'

"'What books are you reading? What science do you base that claim on?' You can't give a treatment to a kid who's exhaling for 80% of each breath, and his inhalations are turbulent. . The kid gets no medicine that way.'"

I gave the treatment anyway, and the kid cried through the whole thing. And, I confess, I gave it with a blowby, where 80% of the medicine blew off into the fluorescent lighting.

So, I ask you, how much of the medicine do you think that kid got? You do the math. I would have the nurse do the math too, but I didn't want to explain to her how useless blowbye's were too, lest she'd have me coo cooing with that kid to try to get him to calm down, and Lord knows that kid was ticked because of that needle. The kid was in the right too. He had every reason to be ticked off.

Yet, since his lungs were clear and he didn't' need the treatment anyway, I gave it by blowby, talked with the mom for a while because she was really cool and smart, and walked right back out of the ER.

So who the heck thought of doing race epi on kids anyway? What's the point? Was it just to please the nurse? Make the mom think we were doing something? Or was the 4% of the medicine that reached the airway of benefit?

Note: In an upcoming post I'll take up the topic: Racemic Epi: Why is it used for stridor? What's the science behind this? Any studies, or just theory?

Friday, July 23, 2010

Guy Scrubs

Is it just me, or is there no such thing as guy scrubs. It seems that all the scrubs I buy online or in a store are either designed for women, don't have pockets where I want them, are made of uncomfortable material, have non-masculine patterns on them, or have some other flaw.

Therefore, the only scrubs that I wear these days are scrubs I borrowed from the hospital. Or, I suppose you can call them hospital scrubs. What ever happened to guy scrubs? Why don't they make guy scrubs?

Wednesday, July 21, 2010

Respiratory Failure Lexicon

1. Respiratory Failure: Failure of the lungs to provide adequate oxygenation or ventilation for the blood. May result from either oxygenation failure or ventilation failure.

2. Oxygenation failure: PO2 less than 60 with an FiO2 greater than 60. Increased oxygenation does not improve PO2. Also referred to refractory hypoxemia.

3. Refractory Hypoxemia: PO2 less than 60 with an FiO2 greater than 60.

4. Ventilatory Failure: Inadequate Ventilation between the lungs and atmosphere resulting in an inapropriate elevation of CO2 in teh arterial blood to a level greater than 45. May actually be clinically diagnosed when the pH is less than 7.35 and the CO2 is higher than 45 (some patients have a normal pH with a higher CO2, and this is not indicative of respiratory failure).

5. Hypoxemia: This refers to low levels of oxygen in the blood. Is present when the PO2 is below the predicted normal for the patient. For most patients. For patients older than 60, you should subtract 1 from these values for each year older than 60, whereas mild hypoxemia for a 70 YO may be a PO2 of 50-70. The degree of hypoxemia is defined as below:
  • Mild hypoxemia: PO2 equals 60-79
  • Moderate Hypoxemia: PO2 equalls 40-59
  • Severe Hypoxemia: PO2 less than 40
6. Hypoxia: This refers to low amount of oxygen in the tissues, and may lead to serious consequences as a result of inadequate tissue oxygenation. This usually results in an increase in cardiac output, which may be observed by an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Patients with severe hypoxia or poor cardiac function may not be able to compensate. Hypoxia may result in severe consequences.

7. Hypoxic Hypoxemia: This is hypoxemia that results in hypoxia. Diagnosed by low PO2 and low tissue perfussion which may be observed by cyanosis.

8. Cyanosis: A blue discoloration of the skin due to tissue hypoxia.

9. Central Cyanosis: A blue discoloration of the core of the body, such as the face and chest, caused by moderate to severe tissue hypoxia and hypoxemia.

10. Acrocyanosis: A blue discoloration of the fingers, toes and lips that may result from mild-moderate tissue hypoxia.

11. V/Q mismatching: This is the most common cause of tissue hypoxia. This occurs when some region of the lungs is poorly ventilated but remains well perfused (blood flow is normal). The result here is that some blood leaves the lungs without getting oxygenated. To determine if hypoxia is caused by V/Q mismatching, increase the FiO2 and watch the SpO2 and PO2. If the SpO2 and PO2 increase with increasing the oxygen, then you probably have a disease of V/Q mismatching. Diseases of V/Q mismatching include: PE, pneumothorax, asthma,emphysema, pneumonia, bronchitis, heartfailure, congenital heart disease, aging.

12. Shunting: This is another cause of hypoxia/hypoxemia. This refers to blood being shunted from the right side of the heart to the left without coming in contact with the lungs. This is a result of poor perfusion of bloodflow to the lungs or in the lungs, even while the patient continues to have good ventilation (CO2 is normal). To determine if hypoxia is caused by shunting, increase the FiO2 and watch the SpO2 and PO2. If the SpO2 and PO2 DO NOT INCREASE with increasing the oxygen, you probably have some degree of shunting. Diseases of shunting include: pneumonia, atelectasis, pulmonary edema, ARDS, congenital heart defects of the neonate

13. Abdominal alterans: Alternating for short periods between breathing with the accessory muscles and breathing with the diaphragm.

14. Abdominal paradox: The inward movement of the abdomen with each inspiratory effort. Also referred to as paradoxical breathing.

I'll add the above to the Respiratory Therapy Lexicon.

Tuesday, July 20, 2010

Is there a good replacement for a spacer?

Every day at MyAsthmaCentral.com we get lots of asthma related questions. Below are some questions I thought my readers at the RT Cave would enjoy.

Your question
: Are there any MacGuyver's out there who know of a good replacement for my spacer? I broke it and can't get a replacement until later this week.

My Humble answer:

I'm not much of a Macgyver in real life, but when it comes to asthma I know of a few tricks. When I was a kid back in the 1980s my doctors and RTs often told me to use a used toilet paper roll. It basically does the same thing as any spacer you can purchase in the store and is generally free and available in any home.

It's not the ideal solution, but it will work until you can get your new spacer.

If you have any further questions email me, or Visit MyAsthmaCentral.com's" Q&A section.

Monday, July 19, 2010

Team sports are healthy for kids with asthma

If you have a child with asthma who wants to play team sports, go ahead and let him. That was the topic of my recent post at MyAsthmaCentral.com. Check it out:

Kids with asthma can and should play team sports

By Rick Frea, April 26, 2010, @MyAsthmaCentral.com

So your son is at an age where he is chomping at the bit to play a team sport -- like baseball, football, basketball, soccer or hockey -- and you're wondering if this is a good idea. What do you do?

Here's what you do: you let him. There's actually evidence that supports that instead of these activities being harmful, they might actually be beneficial to your child.

Not only can your child learn some life's lessons by participating in sports, he will strengthen his heart and lungs, and increase his ability to participate in strenuous activity over time. His asthma will actually improve, and so will his spirit.

Plus, there is the problem of childhood obesity, and a proven link between obesity and worsening asthma. So it's better for you to encourage your child to participate in any activity, rather than discourage it.

That said, how can you help your asthmatic child participate in sports?

1. Asthma control: There are so many good asthma medicines on the market today that asthma is much easier to control than, say, 10 years ago. By working with your doctor, you should be able to get your child on a simple medicine regime that should control his asthma.

2. Asthma compliance: The good thing about modern asthma medicines is they only need to be taken once or twice a day. This makes it easy for your child to remember when to take them: when you brush your teeth in the morning, and when you brush your teeth in the evening.

3. Asthma helper: You, as the mom or dad, need to help your child remember to take his medicines. Children are busy and forgetful, and quite often not very reliable with their belongings, let alone their medicine. It's good your child has some responsibility with his medicine, yet keep a close eye on him.

3. Rescue medicine: At all times your child should have a rescue inhaler (like Albuterol), especially while participating in sporting events.

4. Good coaching: You will need to not only educate yourself about the signs and symptoms of asthma, you will need to make sure his coach knows too. If your child is having asthma signs and symptoms, he might be so competitive he will want to keep playing regardless. It's your job, and the coaches job, to take your child out of the game when he shows signs of distress.

5. Asthma Action Plan: You must work with your child's asthma doctor on developing an asthma action plan so you always know what to do when your child shows signs and symptoms of asthma. Do you have him simply rest, take his rescue inhaler, call the doctor, or drive him directly to the emergency room. The course of action should be known to both you and the coach. Of course it's your job to educate the coach.

6. Know your child's limits: With good asthma control, many kids will be able to participate in any team sport, even basketball, soccer or track and field where a lot of running is involved. And many can even participate in hockey, where the air is cold and dry and more likely to trigger asthma.

If those sports bother your child's asthma regardless of good asthma control, there are sports that are good for all asthmatics. They are:
  • Baseball
  • Football
  • Swimming
  • Gymnastics
  • Martial Arts

7. Make sure coach knows limits: If it's an outdoor sport, and the weather is cold one day, the coach may need to make adjustments so your child can continue to participate. If he normally plays centerfield where a lot of running may be indicated, he might need to play first base this night instead. So adjustments may be needed.

The last thing you will want is for your child to be sitting on the sidelines while the other kids are having fun getting exercise in the process. With good asthma control, your asthmatic child should be able to participate too.



Sunday, July 18, 2010

Common sense: Don't ask how are you doing?

When I was an Advertising and Journalism student at Ferris State University my sales instructor told me the you NEVER ask someone, "How are you doing?" If you do, prepare yourself for too much information.

He said that if we asked him that, he would say something like: "Well, I woke up today with a sore toe, and then I looked at it and it was swelled up and had green puss coming out of it. Then I went to the doctor and threw up all over the floor and..." Yep. Too much information.

He said the worst scenario is when you're passing someone in the hallway, and that person says, "Hi. How are you?" And before you have a chance to answer you're way past that person. So, why did he ask in the first place? It's not because he cared. It's because of habit.

Actually, this instructor was one of my all time favorite teachers. He even wrote a letter of recommendation for me. This was actually ironic, because I do not consider myself a good salesperson, nor do I have the personality of a salesperson.

Yet, he told me I was one of the best salesmen he ever had in his class. One day we had to do a mock sale, and the teacher played the role of the business man we were trying to sell our product to him. He even set up a mock office on stage, and we had to make our presentation in front of an audience.

My product was Topps Baseball Cards. I knew baseball cards upside down and right side out to begin with, but after spending a month dedicated to further research, by the time I made my presentation there was absolutely nothing about baseball cards I didn't know. I knew the entire history, sales, and every thing. I even knew the competition better than I knew the layout of the back of my hand.

So even though I'm an introvert, quiet, taciturn type character, I excelled at selling my product. He told me I was the most prepared student he ever had. Not only that, I presented myself in a professional manner, and provided the skills to be a great, if not exceptional, salesperson. He even said I was an exceptional orator. He even went as far to tell me he'd hire me on the spot if he had a business.

The irony of this is I hated sales. Of course I was an advertising student, but only by default. Once my journalism program ended after my sophomore year, I had to pick another career, so I ended up in Advertising. I suppose that's what happens when you go to college without a plan. Of course, as you all know, none of these fields appealed much to me in the end, as I'm now an RT writing a blog.

However, I excelled as a salesperson not because I liked sales, but because I dedicated myself. I gave 110%. And, to provide another ironic story, I also was provided a similar approach by my speech teacher. I gave excellent speeches. In fact, I studied whatever I was presenting about, and sold it. I had props, and I did not use note cards. I memorized everything.

A year later I had to participate in a major advertising presentation. While I always figured I would have done better on my own, I was forced to work with a team. We had to find a new product, and create an advertising program for it. We had to create a goal, do the research on the product and customers, create a target market, and give a presentation in front of the teacher, who pretended to be the CEO of some company.

One person in my group hated me, and made me give the introduction and the closing. He didn't want me to touch any other information. The day after the presentation, when the teacher was giving reviews to how we did, he told me to come to the front of the class. Then he said:

"The reason I had Rick Frea come to the front of the class is because what he did yesterday, the way he gave his presentation, is exactly how I want all of you to present. He spoke in a loud yet clear voice, he used gestures, he used clear and precise wording, he used facts and he was also a bit humorous in his approach. He was laid back and, most important, he had everything memorized. He was the only person in this entire class to not use note cards. I made a recording of Rick's presentation, and I want all you you to watch it and learn."

This, trust me, did not go to my head. I had been lambasted by this teacher many times during the year. However, I had also been hailed before. The first time we had to write an advertising campaign, he loved the way I wrote short and pithy, and I used transition words better than anyone -- words like: likewise, and also, on a similar note, however, in addition, also, for instance, namely... (for more click here).

In fact, he wrote on the top of my ad project: "You have a visual head... FREA-head!!!!" That was his way of saying he loved what I did.

In journalism class earlier in my college career we had one class where we had to take grammar tests. We had to appropriately use words like his/him, we/us, I/me, etc. I don't even know what those words are called, yet that's what we had to study. We had tests on adverbs, adjectives, and stuff like that. But to be honest, I couldn't eve tell you what most of those English terms are. I mean, I know what a noun and adjective is, and maybe a verb and adverb, but much beyond that I have no clue. Yet when it came to taking the test, basically all you have to do is sound out the correct word.

Example: Circle the correct word: Sue went to the zoo with (me/I). So I was the only one to get 100% on all these tests. I was the only one who didn't have to take special classes, because for anyone who didn't get 90% or better on any one test had to take and pass a special class on that English topic. Yet I got 100% on every one of those tests not because I was better at English than the rest of my class (when in fact I did terrible in English classes, and in many cases probably barely passed). Yet, in the case of such proper English uses, all you need to do is sound out the word. I mean, Sue went to the zoo with I doesn't make sense. If you take Sue out of the question, you're left with the following: I went to the zoo. You certainly wouldn't say: me went to the zoo.

At this point in my student career I wasn't good at studying, and I certainly wasn't the best in the class, yet I was able to get by by simply using common sense. While most people got nervous speaking in front of class, I didn't get nervous because I was damn well prepared.

So I got my associates in journalism and my bachelor's degree in Advertising, and then I decided I didn't want to be either one of those things. I even won a few awards for my writing, and, as I wrote earlier, some of my teachers thought I would excel in some areas. The problem was I was definitely not an outgoing person. I hated the idea of going house to house selling ads, and I hated competition. And, in order to get a job as a copy write, which I wanted to be, I had to be competitive. Nope. Not this guy.

I got a job as a journalist once. I loved to interview. I loved to write. Yet I hated snooping around. I hated writing stuff that had no point. I hated it. So I quit. I quit and got a job as a desk clerk. The problem with those careers is that I had to be outgoing. You had to be good at dealing with rejection. You had to be good at dealing with people telling you to get the hell out of your way. You have to deal with people being outright jerks to you. You have to deal with your boss telling you to write an editorial supporting proposal A, when you are opposed to it. Yet your boss didn't want you to write an editorial opposing if because then you would offend the superintendent of the local school system, which you didn't want to do because he was your best source for information.

Man, I hated the politics of journalism. In fact, it got so bad that my writing took a turn for the worst. I got the worst case of writers block in my life. It got so bad that I think I even got depressed. I don't think I was a bad journalist, I just got caught up in a bad situation. I was thrown to the wolves. I wasn't even orientated to the job. Not a good idea in case you're ever given a job without the option of a good orientation, or at least a good mentor.

So, after three months as a journalist in the real world, I quit. A year later I entered the RT program at some local school other than Ferris. It's not that I didn't like Ferris, I just thought it would be better to start over. Actually, this turned out to be a good thing, because I didn't get the best grades at Ferris. At my new college, in my new program, I got all A's. I ended up graduating tops in my class.

Now, in the medical field, I was told I HAD to ask people the question: "How are you doing?" While it's important to know how a patient is doing, I often find myself asking this question of my co-workers, or patient family members, as I pass them in the hallway.

And every time someone asks me that, or every time I ask it, I can't help but to think of my sales teacher. I can't help but to think I shouldn't ask a question unless I want to hear the answer -- and many times I don't.

Saturday, July 17, 2010

The Keystone Collaborative: Michigan's success to be forced on other states by Obama administration

The Obama administration is apparently impressed with a health care collaborative in Michigan that has had great success in improving patient outcomes and reducing hospital costs. Now other states might be "forced" to follow in the same successful steps of this initiative.

The Michigan Health and Hospital Association (MHA) Keystone Center for Patient Safety and quality was created in March of 2003 as a 501 (c)(3) division of the MHA Health Foundation. MHA Keystone brings together hospitals, national experts and best practice evidence to improve patient safety by addressing the quality of health care delivery at the bedside.

Shoreline Medical joined the Keystone collaboration about two years ago, and has since developed a variety of order sets, protocols, bundles, and other initiatives that have worked wonders in assuring that patients are diagnosed swiftly, treated with the best practices that are scientifically based to improve outcomes for a particular diagnosis, and reduce costs to the hospital.

Here at shoreline we have a monthly Keystone meeting of a doctor from each department, nurses from each department, a pharmacist, x-ray tech, respiratory therapist, a member of the administration, and members of the billings and quality assurance team who are in charge of making sure the hospital is doing everything necessary to obtain the goals of the MHA keystone collaborative.

For Shoreline Medical, these meetings have resulted in a rapid response team, a sepsis protocol, an extubation protocol, a ventilator bundle, a sepsis bundle, a pneumonia bundle, an MI bundle, a heart failure bundle, a surgical bundle, among other successes that have reduced the number of patients being transported to the critical care, and obtaining nosocomial infections. This also includes a reduction in cases ventilator acquired pneumonia (VAP, other nosocomial pneumonia, and sepsis, and has likewise reduced readmission rates.

This committee also has created order sets that work to make sure the hospital meets all the core measures for each particular diagnosis that the Centers for Medicare/ Medicaid Services (CMS) require of them.

Core Measures are things the medical staff must do when a patient is admitted under a specific core measure set: acute mycardial infarction, heart failure, pneumonia, and surgical care. Within these four sets there are 27 core measures that are based on scientifically-researched standards of care that have been shown to result in improved clinical outcomes for patients.

The following are the core measures:

1. Acute Mycardial Infarction:
  • Aspirin at arrival
  • Aspirin prescribed at discharge
  • Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) for left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD)
  • Smoking cessation advice/counseling
  • Beta blocker prescribed at discharge
  • Time to percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
  • Inpatient mortality
2. Heart Failure:
  • Aspirin at arrival
  • Aspirin prescribed at discharge
  • Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) for left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD)
  • Smoking cessation advice/counseling
  • Beta blocker prescribed at discharge
  • Time to percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
  • Inpatient mortality
Community Acquired Pneumonia:
  • Oxygen assessment within 24 hours of arrival
  • Pneumococcal and influenza screening and/or vaccination
  • Blood cultures prior to first antibiotic dose
  • Smoking cessation advice/counseling
  • Arrival time to first antibiotic
Surgical care improvement project: (check out this link)
  • Providing a prophylactic antibiotic within 1 hour prior to surgical incision
  • Providing a prophylactic antibiotic selection for surgical patients consistent with each type of surgical procedure
  • Discontinuing the prophylactic antibiotic within 24 hours after the end of surgery because prolonged use of antibiotics increases the risk of Clostridium difficile infection -- a bacterium that causes diarrhea and more serious intestinal conditions such as colitis -- and the development of pathogens -microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses or parasites that can cause disease -- resistant to antibiotics
  • Controlling postoperative serum glucose in cardiac surgery patients because high blood sugar weakens the immune system and increases the risk of infection
  • Clipping the hair of surgery patients rather than shaving because skin abrasions increase the risk of infection
  • Maintaining immediate postoperative normothermia (normal temperature) in colorectal surgery patients because increased temperatures pose a greater risk of infection, prolonged healing of wounds and longer hospital stays.
A major initiative of the Keystone Project was to improve outcomes of the critical care. It is actually the largest statewide collaborative ever: 76 hospitals, and 120 intensive care units. By this accomplishment it has also reduced costs for both the hospital and the government.

Interventions of the project include:
  • Implement a unit based safety program
  • Eliminate central line associated blood stream infections
  • Eliminate Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP
  • Implement daily goal sheets
  • Implement sepsis bundles to reduce ICU mortality from severe sepsis and septic shock
So shoreline has implemented all of the above in one form or another. We are also reminded via posters and departmental meetings that we are to remind doctors to stick to the keystone recommendations. In this way, we are all playing a part in reducing nosocomial infections.

For example,while it's not the RTs role to insert foley catheters, central lines and pulmonary artery catheters, it's the role of every person at the bedside to make sure nurses and doctors are in compliance with infection control techniques to "reduce or eliminate catheter related blood stream infections in ICUs," as noted on the MHA website.

Since we RTs are often at the bedside, we need to be aware of proper technique, and remind doctors and nurses when they veer off course. The reverse also holds true when it comes to proper technique with ABG technique.

On a monthly basis these core measures are then analyzed by the hospital Keystone Committee. As you can see by this chart, most of the core measures for this particular hospital have been met 90% of the time, as marked as green squares.

The red squares are areas where the core measure was not met 90% of the time, and may be an area that needs to be addressed by the hospital.

When I look at similar charts for Shoreline, I see a lot of red for the year 2007, and mostly green for 2010. This essentially shows how our hospital has improved. Another way to show improvement is a reduction in nosocomial infections, reduction in sepsis, reduction in VAP, and reduction in readmission rates. Another measure I should mention is a reduction in hospital costs.

These statistics are then organized by the Centers for Medicare/Medicaid Services (CMS) where anyone can go to see how each hospital is doing.

It must be noted, however, that these measures must not be used as a report card to compare hospitals, rather as a tool to for hospital improvement. What I mean by this is that if you consider 80-90% a B grade, and 90% or greater an A, you might actually be mislead.

If you have a small hospital that has only admitted 10 patients with an MI over a span of a month, and a larger hospital has admitted over 100 such patients, and both hospitals forget to
properly chart two patients for whatever reason, the small hospital's stats will show 80% (a B grade) and the larger hospital will show 98% (an A grade). Yet both hospitals made the same amount of errors.

So, again, these core measures and the percentages that go with them should not be used as a report card to compare hospitals, but as data to assist improvement.

The Michigan Keystone initiative, therefore, uses this data in a "collaborative" effort to improve patient outcomes and reduce costs. And obviously we've been doing a pretty good job, considering the Obama administration has so noticed the success.

Just for Shoreline alone, the Keystone Project has reduced the number of patients requiring intensive care services (the rapid response team helps with this), reduced VAP to zero cases over the past two years (the ventilator, pneumonia and sepsis bundles help with this), and significantly reduced morbidity and mortality due to sepsis.

Based on the success of the Michigan Keystone Collaborative, the Detroit Free Press, "Hospitals' aim: Cut infection deaths," by Patricia Anstett, "The Obama administration is disbursing $50 million to states to promote lessons learned here and will institute penalties by 2015 if hospitals have high infection rates."

In other words, the Obama administration's experts are going to force other states to incorporate Michigan's success. Likewise, the 10th Amendment states that "anything not covered in this here Constitution is left to the states." Therefore, I believe it's Un-Constitutional for the Fed to force states to comply to Federal Health care regulations.

I also believe that when you tell people they have to do it your way your "assuming" your way it the right way. What if someone has a better way? What if every car company back in the 1920s had to make cars a certain way because it was more efficient? Henry Ford's assembly line that changed a nation never would have come to be.

You can decide for yourself if this is a good thing or not, yet I'm always leery of when the government gets involved in medicine.

Regardless, the Keystone Process has had great success in reducing hospital infection rates and costs, and is a good model for other states to look at in developing their own programs.

Friday, July 16, 2010

Politics and Beta-adrenergics

Warning: What follows is top secret information surreptitiously leaked to me via one of the nations elite pulmonologists from an elite teaching hospital. Read at your own risk. This is not edited, yet explains the reason for needless bronchodilators for patients admitted to a hospital with no respiratory disorders.



One of the greatest complexities of modern medicine is what to do for the patient who has no fathomable medical ailment and thus no need to be in the Emergency Room or clinic. Likewise, the patient presents with complaint he or she should have stayed home with.

Perhaps it's a child or an adult with a stuffy nose which presents as a common head cold, where there really is nothing we can do for them. To prevent the risk of the patient, or guardian of child, or family members, or lawyers, asking inexplicable questions, it is recommended that said physician (typically the emergency department doctor) order a breathing treatment with 0.5cc Ventolin.


While this therapy has no "perceived" benefit to the patient, it will make the patient (or family members) feel as though you are doing something as they can actually SEE the breathing treatment, hold it in their hands, caress it, watch the mist flow through the air for some time. This treatment regimen may be best demonstrated by some an example.

Example: A patient presents with runny nose, congested cough, maybe mild shortness of breath you attributable to nasal congestion, clear lungs with good air movement and no history of respiratory ailments such as asthma.


You know there is nothing we can do for the common cold, so we order a breathing treatment so the patient thinks we're doing something useful, and then we discharge the patient. It is your discretion whether you want to sent patient home with a Ventolin inhaler.

Now, say for example the nurse comes to you and says, "The mom thought the breathing treatment worked quite well, and was wondering if she could get these treatments for home." You say, "Well, the only reason I gave the treatment was so she thinks we're doing something."


A nurse is in the same boat as you and I, and she'll understand completely. But do not EVER let a respiratory therapist hear you say this.

The following are chief complaints this applies to:
  1. Common cold
  2. RSV
  3. Bronchiolitis
  4. Influenza
  5. Croup




Thursday, July 15, 2010

Lung cancer rates on the decline

One of the hospitals I did my clinicals in back in the mid 1990s had a cancer clinic, and when I had to give breathing treatments to those patients, there was kind of a gloomy feel. Most of those patients knew they had terminal cancer.

Yet, according to this post from Reuters, lung cancers and other cancers, such as colon cancer, are on the decline according to statistics accumulated from the American Cancer Society. The report noted the decline was due to fewer people smoking, better treatment, and early intervention.

The report noted that "Death rates for all cancer types fell by 2 percent a year from 2001 to 2006 among men and 1.5 percent per year from 2002 to 2006 in women."

Likewise, " lung cancer rates have fallen in men by 1.8 percent each year since 1991 and finally started leveling off among women... The overall U.S. death rate from cancer in 2007 was 178.4 per 100,000 people, a 1.3 percent drop from 2006, when the rate was 180.7 per 100,000."

According to one expert from the American Cancer Society, "In that time, mortality rates have decreased by 21 percent among men and by 12 percent among women, due primarily to declines in smoking, better treatments, and earlier detection of cancer."

Once again it should be known that smoking is the #1 cause of lung cancer, with nearly 90% of those getting lung cancer current or former smokers. As you can see from the graphic, lung cancer was nearly non-existent in America until people started smoking. About 20 years after people started smoking, the lung cancer rate climbed.

Thus, as people quit smoking, perhaps some with the help of us RTs and our smoking cessation education, and perhaps due to rising cigarette prices, and laws that continue to phase out cigarettes in public places, the lung cancer rate should continue to decline

In a related article from therecord.com, a study done in Canada showed that people are less sympathetic of people with lung cancer due to the link between smoking and lung cancer. The study showed that 1 in 4 Canadians noted little to no sympathy.

I suppose since smoking is no longer the "in-thing", and no longer "cool," many people who don't smoke (a growing number) believe that those who smoke got what they deserved. What they don't realize is that in the 1950s and 1960s when our parent's generation was growing up, and smoking was cool, there was no wisdom as to the dangers of smoking.

Actually, the wisdom was there, yet the powers that be didn't let this wisdom spread as the tobacco industry was a major profit maker for the American economy. So, in that sense, I think we ought to have sympathy for those with lung cancer as with any other victims of cancer.

One concern by lung cancer experts is that with so little sympathy for lung cancer patients, monies set aside for lung cancer research and treatment won't be as much as for other diseases. Although the American study mentioned above may show Americans are a little more sympathetic to smokers than Canadians, as U.S. lung cancer trends are on the decline.

Wednesday, July 14, 2010

Respiratory Therapy Formulas

The following are some respiratory therapy formulas that you learned in RT school, have probably since forgotten, but could still find useful from time to time:

Respiratory Therapy Formulas and normal values:

1. Ideal Body Weight (IBW):


  • a. Female: 100 lb for 1st 5ft + 5lbs ea additional inch
  • b. Male: 106 lb for 1st 5 ft + 6lbs ea additional inch
2. Static Compliance: (VT/Static pressure – PEEP)


  • a. Normal = 60-100
  • b. less than 60 = lungs becoming less compliant
  • c. greater than 25 is acceptable
  • d. less than 25 is unacceptable
3. Desired FiO2 = Desired PaO2 + Known FiO2 divided by known PaO2

(Normal PaO2 on 21% or room air = 105)

4. Desired Ve= Known Ve*Known PaCO2 divided by desired PaCO2

5. Desired Vt = (Known PaCO2 x Known Vt)/Desired PaCO2

6. Desired f = (Known PaCO2 x Known f)/Desired PaCO2

7. RAW: PIP–Plateau/ Flow, or PIP–plateau

8. French size sx catheter = ETT size * 3/2

9. PAO2: (713 *Fio2 – PaCO2)/0.8or 0.1 if 100% O2

10. A-a gradient (ratio or A-ADO2): PAO2 – PaO2


  • a. Normal on RA = 10-40 or on 100% = 25 – 70
  • b. Increased 66-300 = acute lung injury
  • c. greater than 300 = severe shunting, ARDS (unacceptable)
11. To determine cause of hypoxia, refer to the A-a gradient:


  • a. If normal, hypoxia caused by hypoventilation,consider drug overdose, neuromuscular disorder.
  • b. If abnormal & SpO2 improves with increased FiO2. Consider PE, pneumothorax, asthma,emphysema, pneumonia, bronchitis, heartfailure, congenital heart disease, aging.
  • c. If abnormal & refractory hypoxemia occurs, hypoxia caused by shunting problem considerpneumonia, atelectasis, pulmonary edema or ARDS.
12. Shunt % = A-a gradient/20


  • normal=20%
  • if greater than 20 an increase in PEEP is indicated
13. a-A ratio: PaO2/PAO2


  • a. Normal = 80% (74% elderly)
  • b. 60% = V/Q imbalance
  • c. 15% = shunting
14. P/F Ratio: PaO2/FiO2


  • a. Normal = 300 – 500
  • b. Acute lung injury = 200 – 300
  • c. less than 200 = ARDS (shunt)
15. Expected PaO2 = FiO2 x5

Even though normal PaO2 is 105 on room air, a PaO2 of 200 on 100% FiO2 is not necessarily good. It should be 500. Therefore you know patient still not oxygenating effectively.

16. Actual PaO2/ Expected PaO2 = % of patient expected PaO2:
  • a. Should be recorded daily
  • b. Shows if patient is oxygenating better
  • c. Better indicator than simply looking at actual PaO2 and FiO2
  • d. Normal = zero (patient requiring no supplememtal oxygen)

Examples of % expected PaO2: (Despite lower PaO2, patient still oxygenating better)

  • e. January 1 PaO2 40 on 100% FiO2 = 80%
  • f. January 5 PaO2 60 on 40% FiO2 = 30%
  • g. January 6 PaO2 55 on 50% FiO2 = 20%

Another example of % expected PaO2 (PaO2 look good, but is patient really oxygenating?)

  • h. January 1 PaO2 200 on 100% FiO2 = 40%
  • i. January 5 PaO2 100 on 100% = 20%
  • j. January 6 PaO2 100 on 90% = 22%
  • k. January 10 PaO2 55 on 80% = 13%

17. e-cylinder time remaining=0.30(PSI) / LPM

18. Oral intubation = 21-25cm @ lip.

19. Nasal intubation = 26-29cm

20. PEEP therapy = greater than6-8 CWP

21. Humidity should be set at 37 degrees Celcius.

22. Suction:Adult=100-120,Child=80-100,Infant=60-80

23. Patient WOB (available on newer microprocessor ventilators)

  • a. Less than 0.8 = normal
  • b. Measures effectiveness of rise time and sensitivity.
  • c. Measured in spontaneous mode.

(Post updated Janurary 21, 2011)

Note: There are other RT Formulas, yet these are the ones I have used on occasion while working. If you find another formula you find worthwhile, please email me with the formula and a note about when you would use it, and I will post it for others to use.

Tuesday, July 13, 2010

Can babies get asthma?

Every day at MyAsthmaCentral.com we get lots of asthma related questions. Below are some questions I thought my readers at the RT Cave would enjoy.Your Question: can babies 9 weeks old have asthma

My humble answer: The hygiene hypothesis purports that asthma develops in the first three months of life when the immune system is developing. If this happens, some babies may show asthma symptoms right away, while others will not show signs until later childhood or even adult hood. So the answer to your question is YES.

The problem is it's often difficult to diagnose asthma in children under 2-years-old. It's hard to do testing on little kids, and sometimes asthma symptoms mimic other processes. Common colds can mimic asthma, and so can transient wheeze and upper airway obstructions.

If you have any further questions email me, or Visit MyAsthmaCentral.com's Q&A section.

Monday, July 12, 2010

Asthma control 101

One of the most common questions I get as an asthma expert is: "How do I gain control of my asthma?" Or, "How do I help my son or daughter gain control of the asthma beast?"

In the past several months I've published posts that provide some of the basic wisdom about asthma action plans, signs and symptoms of asthma, diagnosing asthma, asthma triggers and how to avoid them, and pulmonary function basics and peak flow monitoring.

The purpose of this post is to tie all this asthma wisdom together to provide and easy step by step answer to the question: "How to I gain control of my asthma?"

How to Gain Control of your asthma
By Rick Frea, May 6, 2010, @ MyAsthmaCentral.com

You know you have asthma, or you suspect as much, and now your mission is to gain control of it so you can get your life back. Or perhaps you're a concerned parent of an asthmatic.

Here are ten tips to better asthma control.

1. Asthma doctor: You must find a good asthma doctor who will work with you on managing your asthma. Not only must you and your doctor be a good asthma control team (as I write here), you must be able to tell if your doctor is doing a good job (to learn how click here). So finding a good doctor is the key to managing your asthma, and a great place to start. (To learn more about the different types of asthma doctors click here).

2. Diagnosing asthma: For your doctor to treat your asthma, you must first get a proper diagnosis. There is no specific test that says, "You have asthma." However, there are a series of questions a doctor can ask you (like these), and tests he may perform, to help him make a definitive diagnosis.

To learn more about diagnosing asthma, click here.

3. Determining level of control: How controlled is your asthma? For most asthmatics, well-controlled asthma is determined by having symptoms or using your rescue inhaler two days a week or less, and being able to live a normal, active life. However, some asthmatics may have more severe asthma (like this guy), and therefore, may set their own goals for determining control.

To help you determine how well controlled your asthma is, check out this chart, and then take this quiz.

4. Determine severity: How severe is your asthma? Most asthmatics have mild or moderate asthma; their asthma is easy to control just by following the tips in this post. However, some asthmatics (around 10 percent) have hardluck asthma, and their asthma is difficult to control even if they are gallant asthmatics. If you have hard luck asthma, here are some tips to help you get your asthma under control. To determine how severe your asthma is, take this test.

5. Set goals: It's up to you to set goals that you want to achieve as far as your asthma is concerned. Do you want to run marathons? Do you want to be symptom free? A more reasonable goal may be to maintain your current quality of life. You'll need to work with your doctor on setting goals that are appropriate for you.

6. Asthma triggers: You must work with your doctor on finding out what exactly is triggering your asthma. If your asthma is seasonal, or if you suspect allergies, he might send you to an allergist to have allergy testing done. Once you know your triggers you can better deal with them, or avoid them altogether.

To learn more about asthma triggers click here and here. To learn how to avoid allergies, click here.

7. Asthma medicine: If avoiding your asthma triggers is not good enough, you'll want to work with your doctor on finding the right potions to help you manage your asthma. There are two types of asthma medicines:

  • Preventative meds: These medicines are taken every day even when you are feeling well and treat the chronic underlying inflammation to prevent acute asthma episodes. These actually make your lungs stronger and improve lung function, so your lungs are less sensitive to your asthma triggers, and acute asthma episodes are rare or less severe when they do occur.
  • Bronchodilators: These are medicines that can give you instant relief from acute asthma symptoms that occur as a result of exposure to your asthma triggers. It is highly recommended that all asthmatics carry a bronchodilator (like Albuterol) with them at all times, even if their asthma is under good control.

To learn more about what medicines work best for you, check out this link.

8. Proper medicine usage: Many respiratory medicines are inhaled directly into your lungs. This allows for the medicine to work quicker, better, and with fewer systemic side effects. There are many unique devices for taking in respiratory medicines, and you'll want to make sure you are using them correctly.

  • Metered dose inhaler (MDI): If you have a rescue inhaler like Albuterol, you'll want to make sure your doctor prescribes a spacer for you to take it with. Studies show an MDI used with a spacer works 70 percent better, and is equally as effective as a nebulizer. To learn more about how to use an inhaler with a spacer, click here.
  • Nebulizer: This is a device that is recommended if you have more severe asthma, or if you are having an asthma exacerbation and cannot inhale to get the MDI medicine into your lungs. Likewise, this is ideal for patients who have coordination problems with an MDI, such as little children and the elderly. For more information, click here.
  • Dry powder inhalers (DPI): These are inhalers where the asthmatic inhales the powder form of a medicine. These work equally well as MDI with a spacer, however you must be able to generate enough flow to actuate the device. Likewise, you'll want to make sure you read the directions, or work with your care provider, to make you're using your DPI correctly. For more information, click here.

To learn which device works best for you, inhaler or nebulizer, click here.

9. Compliance: It is highly recommended of all asthmatics that you take your medicine exactly as you and your physician work out in the doctor's office. The neat thing about asthma preventative meds is most of them only need to be taken twice a day. However, you have to make sure you have a plan so you don't forget to take them. Likewise, as with blood pressure medicine, you must never stop taking them without first getting the permission of your doctor. If you're an asthma mom or dad, you'll need to make sure your child is compliant.

10. Asthma action plan: This is a plan you work on with your doctor so that you know exactly what to do in case your asthma strikes. There are two ways to monitor your asthma, each of which is equally effective:

  • A peak flow meter: This helps you monitor your peak expiratory flow rates. You determine a personal best, and when this starts to drop you know you need to take action.
  • Symptom monitoring: This is where you learn and are observant to the signs of asthma that are unique to you. Then you act appropriately.

To learn how to start an asthma action plan, check out this link.

By working with your asthma doctor, and following the steps listed above, you should soon see that asthma really shouldn't stop you from doing anything.

For more tips, click here.

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